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1) (I)
Cheetah is a common name for a large cat, found
mainly in Africa but with small populations in Iran.
(II)The head and body, without the tail, are about
1.1 to 1.5 m long, and the claws are short. (III)
The coat is yellowish-brown with black spots; cubs
also have a spotted coat. (IV) The female cheetah’s
pregnancy lasts three months. (V) On the other hand,
mature males generally travel alone or in groups of
two to three males.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
2) (I) In the autumn of 1963 Kennedy began to plan
his strategy for re-election. (II) He flew across
the country extolling the improvements in US-Soviet
relations. (III) On November 22, while riding in an
open limousine through Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was
shot in the head and neck by a sniper or snipers. (IV)
The murder has already finished, but the debate
about the assassin is still current today. (V) He
was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where
efforts to revive him failed.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
3) (I) Raleigh, Sir Walter is an English adventurer
and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen
Elizabeth I. (II) Raleigh attended the University of
Oxford for a time and served in the French religious
wars on the Huguenot side. (III) Raleigh first came
to Queen Elizabeth’s attention through his work in
Ireland. (IV) Later, he became familiar with both
court life and the intellectual community. (V) These
experiences assisted him in producing outstanding
traces.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
4) (I) In the interval 1960-80, space missions to
Mars were the major objective of the U.S. and Soviet
programs for the exploration of the solar system. (II)
U.S. spacecraft successfully flew by Mars and
orbited the planet. (III) Three Soviet probes also
investigated Mars, two of them reaching its surface.
(IV) Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to soft-land an
instrumented capsule on the planet on Dec. 2, 1971.
(V) In 1988, Soviet scientists launched a pair of
spacecraft, Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, to orbit Mars.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
5) (I) Parachute, in terminology, comes from French,
para, “preventing”; chute, “fall”. (II) It is a
large, umbrella-shaped fabric canopy used to reduce
the speed of a person. (III) The use of the
parachute was first suggested by Leonardo da Vinci.
(IV) The French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard
dropped a dog equipped with a parachute from a
balloon in 1785, and in 1793 claimed to have made
the first successful human parachute descent. (V)
However, the first practical parachute was invented
in the 1780s.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
6) (I) Paradoxically, the Cold War secured military
peace in Europe for almost 50 years. (II) Cold War
is the post-1945 struggle between two blocs of
nations led by the United States and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics. (III) Direct military
conflict did not occur between the two superpowers.
(IV) Instead of that, intense economic and
diplomatic struggles erupted. (V) Different
interests led to mutual suspicion and hostility in
an escalating rivalry rooted in ideology.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
7) (I) Elegy refers to a lyric poem lamenting the
death of someone. (II) A good example is Tennyson’s
“In Memoriam” a sequence of lyrics on the death of
Arthur Hallam. (III) A pastoral elegy is a kind of
elegy which has a rural setting with shepherds and
nymps. (IV) Homer’s Riad and Odysiey are the
examples of literary epics. (V) This kind of elegy
has numerous conventions, such as nature joining in
the lament or a procession of mourners.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
8) (I) The Iraqi attack began shortly after midnight
on August 2. (II) By dawn Iraq had assumed control
of Kuwait city with one policy. (III) Any armed
attempt to roll back the Iraqi invasion depended on
Saudi Arabia, which shares a border with both Iraq
and Kuwait. (IV) When this claim attracted neither
Kuwaiti nor international support, it was dropped.
(V) In place of the Sabahs, most of whom fled during
the invasion, Iraq installed a puppet government.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
9) (I) The Swiss live in close proximity to the
mountains, which are well linked by road and rail to
the urban areas. (II) Hence, they have become
extremely sport-conscious and have encouraged the
growth of skiing and mountaineering as tourist
attractions. (III) Other sports include Swiss-style
wrestling, gliding, para-gliding, hang gliding,
walking in the forests and mountains…etc. (IV)
Fishing is a general activity favoured by a lot of
people. (V) When certain mountain lakes freeze over,
they are used for curling and even horse racing.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
10) (I) World War I is a military conflict that
began as a local European war between Austria-Hungary
and Serbia on July 28, 1914. (II) The fundamental
causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply
in the European history of the previous century (III)
Hence, it became a global war involving 32 nations.
(IV) Twenty-eight of these nations, known as the
Allies and the Associated Powers opposed the
coalition known as the Central Powers. (V) They were
consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and
Bulgaria.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
11) (I) John Bell is an American statesman, born
near Nashville, Tennessee, and educated at
Cumberland College. (II) He practised law and served
in the Tennessee Senate before entering the United
States House of Representatives in 1827 as a
Democrat. (III) From 1847 to 1859 Bell served in the
US Senate as a Whig. (IV) Bell left the House in
March 1841 to join the cabinet of President William
H. Harrison. (V) However, he resigned the following
September because of a split between the Whigs and
President John Tyler, who had succeeded Harrison.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
12) (I) Photography is the production of permanent
images by means of the action of light on sensitized
surfaces, giving rise to a new form of visual art,
historical document, and scientific tool. (II) The
history of photographic image-making is the story of
the diverse applications of a new and constantly
evolving technology. (III) It is a history that
includes images at every point on the scale between
utilitarian scientific and historical documents and
pictures conceived with the highest artistic
ambitions. (IV) Parallel to it is the history of
photographic techniques, in which constant expansion
of the technical resources available to
photographers led to an ever-increasing range of
aesthetic possibilities. (V) At first, photographers
leaned heavily on the conventions of picture-making
learned from traditional media.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
13) (I) All societies have vocal music; and with few
exceptions, all have instruments. (II) In
composition—the principal creative act in music—something
that is considered new is produced by combining the
musical elements that a given society recognizes as
a system. (III) Innovation as a criterion of good
composing is important in Western culture. (IV) In
Western music, composition is normally carried out
with the help of notation. (V) However, in much
popular music, and particularly in folk, tribal, and
most non-Western cultures, composition is done in
the mind of the composer, who may sing or use an
instrument as an aid, and is transmitted orally and
memorized.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
14) (I) Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic poem which is
the most important work of Old English literature
and the first major poem written in a European
vernacular language. (II) The sombre story is told
in vigorous, picturesque language, with much use of
metaphor. (III) The only surviving manuscript is in
the British Museum. (IV) So, it is written in the
West Saxon dialect and is believed to date from the
late 10th century. (V) On the basis of this text,
Beowulf is generally considered the work of an 8th-century
Anglian poet.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
15) (I) Figure of Speech is the word or the group of
words used to give particular emphasis to an idea or
sentiment. (II) The special emphasis is typically
accomplished by the user's conscious deviation from
the strict literal sense of a word. (III) From
ancient times to the present, such figurative
locutions have been extensively employed by orators
and writers to strengthen and embellish their styles
of speech and composition. (IV) A number of the more
widely used figures of speech, some of which are
also called tropes. (V) On the other hand,
Apostrophe is a device by which an actor turns from
the audience to address a person who is usually
either absent or deceased object, or an abstract
idea.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
16) (I) Until the 19th century, the primary focus in
most stories had been on the “what happened”
element. (II) Now writers began to concentrate on
the motivations that propelled characters into
conflict. (III) Poe was the first writer to so
define the short story, in his review of Hawthorne's
Twice-Told Tales. (IV) At the same time, attention
was directed to techniques of economic storytelling:
artful structuring of events. (V) As a result, the
system of organising the order of events during the
story has become fashionable.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
17) (I) Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich is a Russian
dramatist and short-story writer, who is one of the
foremost figures in Russian literature. (II) The son
of a merchant, Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860,
in Taganrog, Ukraine, and educated in medicine at
Moscow State University. (III) While still at
university he published humorous magazine stories
and sketches. (IV) He rarely practised medicine
because of his success as a writer. (V) He was
largely responsible for the modern type of short
story that depends for effect on mood and symbolism
rather than on plot.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
18) (I) Tragic drama as we know it today is said to
have been originated in the 6th century BC by the
Athenian poet Aeschylus. (II) Aeschylus, for the
first time, introduced the role of a second actor,
apart from the chorus. (III) The second great Greek
tragedian was Sophocles, the fine construction of
whose plots led Aristotle as well as other Greek
critics to consider him the greatest writer of
tragedy. (III) His tragedies, numbering about 90,
treat such lofty themes as the nature of divinity
and the relations of human beings to the gods. (IV)
Only seven of his tragedies are extant, including
Prometheus Bound, the story of the punishment of
Prometheus, one of the Titans, by the god Zeus.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
19) (I) To his students, Plutarch was regarded as a
genial guide, philosopher, and spiritual director. (II)
Plutarch is the Greek biographer and essayist, born
in Chaeronea in Boeotia. (III) He was educated in
Athens and is believed to have travelled to Egypt
and Italy and to have lectured in Rome on moral
philosophy. (IV) He frequently visited Athens and
was a priest in the temple at Delphi. (V) He spent
the later years of his life at Chaeronea, where he
held municipal office.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
20) (I) The literature of Rome was itself modelled
on Greek literature and served in turn as the basic
model, especially in the Renaissance, for the
development of later European literatures. (II)
Because of their close formal dependence on Greek
models, Roman writers were concerned with
emphasizing the specifically Roman quality of their
experience. (III) The greatest accomplishments of
Roman literature are found in epic and lyric poetry,
rhetoric, history, comic drama. (IV) Latin
literature began with Livius Andronicus, who came to
Rome as a Greek-speaking slave. (V) Of all these,
satire has been the last genre being the only
literary form the Romans invented.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
21) (I) Most of the key words commonly used to
describe governments, words such as monarchy,
oligarchy, and democracy, are of Greek or Roman
origin. (II) They have been current for more than
2,000 years and have not yet exhausted their
usefulness. (III) This suggests that mankind has not
changed very much since they were coined. (IV) With
only minor altering, human being used the term of
monarchy in their political affairs. (V) The
earliest analytical use of the term monarchy
occurred in ancient Athens, chiefly in Plato's
dialogues, but even in Plato's time the word was not
self-explanatory.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
22) (I) Cuckoo is a common name for birds of the
large and diverse cuckoo family found on every
continent except Antarctica. (II) The common cuckoo
of Europe and Asia is the species in which the
male's two-note call has been invoked in many
musical compositions as well as in cuckoo clocks. (III)
It is a long-tailed bird of about 33 cm, ash-grey
above and white, closely barred with dark grey. (IV)
None of the North American species of cuckoos is a
brood parasite. (V) This species, like many other
cuckoos, is a brood parasite; the female lays her 15
to 20 eggs singly in the nests of other birds—each
female specializing in one particular host—which
raise the young cuckoos, usually at the expense of
their own young.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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